Mariner 4's 1965 flyby produced 22 grainy images that fundamentally changed expectations of Mars. What feature, widely anticipated before the flyby, was conspicuously absent from the imagery? — Options: Polar ice caps, Artificial canals, Active volcanoes, Dust storms

The two Viking landers carried four biology experiments designed to detect metabolism in Martian soil. Which experiment produced a positive result that remains controversial to this day? — Options: Gas Exchange, Pyrolytic Release, Labeled Release, Light Scattering

The small rover delivered by Mars Pathfinder in 1997 carried a single primary science instrument mounted on its rear. What was it? — Options: An alpha proton X-ray spectrometer, A thermal emission spectrometer, A gamma-ray neutron detector, A laser-induced breakdown spectrometer

Spirit and Opportunity landed in January 2004 with a planned mission of 90 sols. Which rover became permanently stuck in soft soil at a location later named 'Troy'? — Options: Spirit, Opportunity, Both, on separate occasions, Neither — both were ended by dust storms

Curiosity's August 2012 landing used a novel descent system never before attempted on Mars. What was its name? — Options: Sky crane, Aerobrake, Airbag cocoon, Retropropulsive pallet

China's Tianwen-1 mission deployed the Zhurong rover in May 2021. In which broad region of Mars did Zhurong land? — Options: Hellas Planitia, Utopia Planitia, Argyre Planitia, Chryse Planitia

The Ingenuity helicopter, carried to Mars by Perseverance, performed its first powered flight in April 2021. A small swatch from which earlier aircraft was attached to it as a tribute? — Options: The Spirit of St. Louis, The Wright Flyer, The Spruce Goose, The Bell X-1

Space Missions to Mars